ยง Scatted algebraic number theory ideas: Ramification 

15:17  Take your favorite dedekind domain.
15:17  mmhm
15:17  For instance, consider K a number field
15:17  and O_K the ring of integers.
15:17  Then take a prime p in Z.
15:18  Since Z \subset O_K, p can be considered as an element of O_K, right ?
15:18  yes
15:18  Ok. p is prime in Z, meaning that the ideal (p) = pZ is a prime ideal of Z.
15:18  yep
15:18  Consider now this ideal, but in O_K
15:18  right
15:19  ie the ideal pO_K
15:19  yes
15:19  It may not be prime anymore
15:19  mmhm
15:19  So it factors as a product of prime ideals *of O_K*
15:20  pO_K = P_1^e_1....P_r^e_r
15:20  where P_i are distinct prime ideals of O_K.
15:20  yes
15:20  You say that p ramifies in O_K (or in K) when there is some e_i which is > 1
15:21  Example
15:21  Take Z[i], the ring of Gauss integers.
15:22  It is the ring of integers of the field Q(i).
15:22  Take the prime 2 in Z.
15:23  (2) = (1 + i) (1 - i) in Z[i] ?
15:23  Yes.
15:23  But in fact
15:23  The ideal (1-i) = (1+i) (as ideals)
15:23  So (2) = (1+i)^2
15:23  And you can prove that (1+i) is a prime ideal in Z[i]
15:23  is it because (1 - i)i = i + 1 = 1 + i?
15:24  Yes
15:24  very cool
15:24  Therefore, (2) ramifies in Z[i].
15:24  is it prime because the quotient Z[i]/(1 - i) ~= Z is an integral domain? [the quotient tells us to make 1 - i = 0, or to set i = ]
15:24  But you can also prove that primes that ramify are not really common
15:24  it = (1 - i)
15:25  In fact, 2 is the *only* prime that ramifies in Z[i]
15:25  More generally, you only have a finite number of primes that ramify
15:25  in any O_K?