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§ Defining Continuity Covariantly

created 2021-10-06 · last edited 2022-05-30
  • Real analysis: coavriant definition: f(lim⁡x)=lim⁡(fx)f(\lim x) = \lim (f x)f(limx)=lim(fx). Contravariant definition in analysis/topology: f−1(open)f^{-1}(open)f−1(open) is open.
  • Contravariant in topology via sierpinski: U⊆XU \subseteq XU⊆X is open iff characteristic function f(x)={Tx∈U⊥otherwisef(x) = \begin{cases} T & x \in U \\ \bot & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}f(x)={T⊥​x∈Uotherwise​is continuous.
  • A function f:X→Yf: X \to Yf:X→Y is continuous iff every function f∘sf \circ sf∘s is continuous for every continuous s:Y→Ss: Y \to Ss:Y→S. That is, a function is continuous iff the pullback of every indicator is an indicator.
  • A topological space is said to be sequential iff every sequentially open set is open.
  • A set K⊆XK \subseteq XK⊆X is sequentially open iff whenever a sequence xnx_nxn​ has a limit point in KKK, then there is some MMM such that x≥Mx_{\geq M}x≥M​ lies in KKK. [TODO: check ]
  • Now consider N∞\mathbb N_\inftyN∞​, the one point compactification of the naturals. Here, we add a point called ∞\infty∞ to N\mathbb NN, and declare that sets which have a divergent sequences and ∞\infty∞ in them are open.
  • More abstractly, we declare all sets that are complements of closed and bounded sets with infinity in them as open. So a set U⊆N∞U \subseteq \mathbb N_{\infty}U⊆N∞​ is bounded iff there exists a closed bounded C⊆NC \subseteq \mathbb NC⊆N such that U=N/C∪{infty}U = \mathbb N / C \cup \{ infty \}U=N/C∪{infty}.
  • A function x:N∞toXx: \mathbb N_\infty to Xx:N∞​toX is continuous [wrt above topology ] iff the sequence xnx_nxn​ converges to the limit x∞x_\inftyx∞​.
  • See that we use functions out of N∞\mathbb N_\inftyN∞​ [covariant ] instead of functions into SSS [contravariant ].
  • Now say a function f:X→Yf: X \to Yf:X→Y is sequentially continuous iff for every continuous x:N∞→Xx: \mathbb N_\infty \to Xx:N∞​→X, the composition f∘x:N∞→Yf \circ x: \mathbb N_\infty \to Yf∘x:N∞​→Yis continuous. Informally, the pushforward of every convergent sequence is continuous.
  • Can show that the category of sequential spaces is cartesian closed .
  • Now generalize N∞\mathbb N_\inftyN∞​
  • https://twitter.com/EscardoMartin/status/1444791065735729155
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